definition of evaluation by different authors

0000342798 00000 n It is possible to incorporate both metrics and narratives within systems, for example, within the Research Outcomes System and Researchfish, currently used by several of the UK research councils to allow impacts to be recorded; although recording narratives has the advantage of allowing some context to be documented, it may make the evidence less flexible for use by different stakeholder groups (which include government, funding bodies, research assessment agencies, research providers, and user communities) for whom the purpose of analysis may vary (Davies et al. HEFCE indicated that impact should merit a 25% weighting within the REF (REF2014 2011b); however, this has been reduced for the 2014 REF to 20%, perhaps as a result of feedback and lobbying, for example, from the Russell Group and Million + group of Universities who called for impact to count for 15% (Russell Group 2009; Jump 2011) and following guidance from the expert panels undertaking the pilot exercise who suggested that during the 2014 REF, impact assessment would be in a developmental phase and that a lower weighting for impact would be appropriate with the expectation that this would be increased in subsequent assessments (REF2014 2010). Evaluation is a process which is continuous as well as comprehensive and involves all the tasks of education and not merely tests, measurements, and examination. 0000004692 00000 n 2007). Metrics have commonly been used as a measure of impact, for example, in terms of profit made, number of jobs provided, number of trained personnel recruited, number of visitors to an exhibition, number of items purchased, and so on. 0000334683 00000 n Times Higher Education, Assessing the Impact of Social Science Research: Conceptual, Methodological and Practical Issues, A Profile of Federal-Grant Administrative Burden Among Federal Demonstration Partnership Faculty, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, The Australian Research Quality Framework: A live experiment in capturing the social, economic, environmental and cultural returns of publicly funded research, Reforming the Evaluation of Research. This work was supported by Jisc [DIINN10]. 0000007777 00000 n Clearly the impact of thalidomide would have been viewed very differently in the 1950s compared with the 1960s or today. To understand the method and routes by which research leads to impacts to maximize on the findings that come out of research and develop better ways of delivering impact. Impact assessments raise concerns over the steer of research towards disciplines and topics in which impact is more easily evidenced and that provide economic impacts that could subsequently lead to a devaluation of blue skies research. The term "assessment" may be defined in multiple ways by different individuals or institutions, perhaps with different goals. 2007; Nason et al. The Economic and Social Benefits of HRB-funded Research, Measuring the Economic and Social Impact of the Arts: A Review, Research Excellence Framework Impact Pilot Exercise: Findings of the Expert Panels, Assessment Framework and Guidance on Submissions, Research Impact Evaluation, a Wider Context. Definition of Evaluation by Different Authors Tuckman: Evaluation is a process wherein the parts, processes, or outcomes of a programme are examined to see whether they are satisfactory, particularly with reference to the stated objectives of the programme our own expectations, or our own standards of excellence. (2005), Wooding et al. The case study does present evidence from a particular perspective and may need to be adapted for use with different stakeholders. 0000002109 00000 n 2009; Russell Group 2009). If metrics are available as impact evidence, they should, where possible, also capture any baseline or control data. 0000348060 00000 n (2007), Nason et al. 2008; CAHS 2009; Spaapen et al. Research findings will be taken up in other branches of research and developed further before socio-economic impact occurs, by which point, attribution becomes a huge challenge. Evaluative research is a type of research used to evaluate a product or concept, and collect data to help improve your solution. What indicators, evidence, and impacts need to be captured within developing systems. If knowledge exchange events could be captured, for example, electronically as they occur or automatically if flagged from an electronic calendar or a diary, then far more of these events could be recorded with relative ease. The ability to write a persuasive well-evidenced case study may influence the assessment of impact. This distinction is not so clear in impact assessments outside of the UK, where academic outputs and socio-economic impacts are often viewed as one, to give an overall assessment of value and change created through research. As a result, numerous and widely varying models and frameworks for assessing impact exist. What is the Difference between Formative and Summative Evaluation through Example? Assessment for learning is ongoing, and requires deep involvement on the part of the learner in clarifying outcomes, monitoring on-going learning, collecting evidence and presenting evidence of learning to others.. The Oxford English Dictionary defines impact as a 'Marked effect or influence', this is clearly a very broad definition. Systems need to be able to capture links between and evidence of the full pathway from research to impact, including knowledge exchange, outputs, outcomes, and interim impacts, to allow the route to impact to be traced. 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It is concerned with both the evaluation of achievement and its enhancement. Despite many attempts to replace it, no alternative definition has . In terms of research impact, organizations and stakeholders may be interested in specific aspects of impact, dependent on their focus. Indicators were identified from documents produced for the REF, by Research Councils UK, in unpublished draft case studies undertaken at Kings College London or outlined in relevant publications (MICE Project n.d.). Reviewing the research literature means finding, reading, and summarizing the published research relevant to your question. We suggest that developing systems that focus on recording impact information alone will not provide all that is required to link research to ensuing events and impacts, systems require the capacity to capture any interactions between researchers, the institution, and external stakeholders and link these with research findings and outputs or interim impacts to provide a network of data. The RQF pioneered the case study approach to assessing research impact; however, with a change in government in 2007, this framework was never implemented in Australia, although it has since been taken up and adapted for the UK REF. Any person who has made a significant . Published by Oxford University Press. They aim to enable the instructors to determine how much the learners have understood what the teacher has taught in the class and how much they can apply the knowledge of what has been taught in the class as well. Evidence of academic impact may be derived through various bibliometric methods, one example of which is the H index, which has incorporated factors such as the number of publications and citations. Authors from Asia, Europe, and Latin America provide a series of in-depth investigations into how concepts of . Even where we can evidence changes and benefits linked to our research, understanding the causal relationship may be difficult. Merit refers to the intrinsic value of a program, for example, how effective it is in meeting the needs those it is intended help. The Oxford English Dictionary defines impact as a Marked effect or influence, this is clearly a very broad definition. Hb```f``e`c`Tgf@ aV(G Ldw0p)}c4Amff0`U.q$*6mS,T",?*+DutQZ&vO T4]2rBWrL.7bs/lcx&-SbiDEQ&. A total of 10 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were selected to perform semi-automatic segmentation of the condyles by using three free-source software (Invesalius, version 3.0.0, Centro de Tecnologia da . The . %PDF-1.3 Evaluation research aimed at determining the overall merit, worth, or value of a program or policy derives its utility from being explicitly judgment-oriented. The basic purpose of both measurement assessment and evaluation is to determine the needs of all the learners. For systems to be able to capture a full range of systems, definitions and categories of impact need to be determined that can be incorporated into system development. It has been suggested that a major problem in arriving at a definition of evaluation is confusion with related terms such as measurement, Ideally, systems within universities internationally would be able to share data allowing direct comparisons, accurate storage of information developed in collaborations, and transfer of comparable data as researchers move between institutions. While assessments are often equated with traditional testsespecially the standardized tests developed by testing companies and administered to large populations . They risk being monetized or converted into a lowest common denominator in an attempt to compare the cost of a new theatre against that of a hospital. 5. Where narratives are used in conjunction with metrics, a complete picture of impact can be developed, again from a particular perspective but with the evidence available to corroborate the claims made. The range and diversity of frameworks developed reflect the variation in purpose of evaluation including the stakeholders for whom the assessment takes place, along with the type of impact and evidence anticipated. 0000007967 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 56 0 R /Root 61 0 R /Prev 396309 /ID[<8e25eff8b2a14de14f726c982689692f><7a12c7ae849dc37acf9c7481d18bb8c5>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 61 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 55 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R /AcroForm 62 0 R >> endobj 62 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 38 0 R /Helv 39 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 40 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 414 /T 529 /V 585 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream (2007) adapted the terminology of the Payback Framework, developed for the health and biomedical sciences from benefit to impact when modifying the framework for the social sciences, arguing that the positive or negative nature of a change was subjective and can also change with time, as has commonly been highlighted with the drug thalidomide, which was introduced in the 1950s to help with, among other things, morning sickness but due to teratogenic effects, which resulted in birth defects, was withdrawn in the early 1960s. 2009). Explain. The Payback Framework has been adopted internationally, largely within the health sector, by organizations such as the Canadian Institute of Health Research, the Dutch Public Health Authority, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and the Welfare Bureau in Hong Kong (Bernstein et al. It is therefore in an institutions interest to have a process by which all the necessary information is captured to enable a story to be developed in the absence of a researcher who may have left the employment of the institution. This is a metric that has been used within the charitable sector (Berg and Mnsson 2011) and also features as evidence in the REF guidance for panel D (REF2014 2012). Frameworks for assessing impact have been designed and are employed at an organizational level addressing the specific requirements of the organization and stakeholders. 10312. (2006) on the impact arising from health research. , , . A taxonomy of impact categories was then produced onto which impact could be mapped. HEFCE developed an initial methodology that was then tested through a pilot exercise. In many instances, controls are not feasible as we cannot look at what impact would have occurred if a piece of research had not taken place; however, indications of the picture before and after impact are valuable and worth collecting for impact that can be predicted. 0000003495 00000 n 2007). Here we outline a few of the most notable models that demonstrate the contrast in approaches available. Attempts have been made to categorize impact evidence and data, for example, the aim of the MICE Project was to develop a set of impact indicators to enable impact to be fed into a based system. Time, attribution, impact. Search for other works by this author on: A White Paper on Charity Impact Measurement, A Framework to Measure the Impact of Investments in Health Research, European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Reports, Estimating the Economic Value to Societies of the Impact of Health Research: A Critical Review, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Panel on Return on Investment in Health Research, Making an Impact. The process of evaluation is dynamic and ongoing. Such a framework should be not linear but recursive, including elements from contextual environments that influence and/or interact with various aspects of the system. These techniques have the potential to provide a transformation in data capture and impact assessment (Jones and Grant 2013). Impact is often the culmination of work within spanning research communities (Duryea et al. 2. 1. 0000001087 00000 n We take a more focused look at the impact component of the UK Research Excellence Framework taking place in 2014 and some of the challenges to evaluating impact and the role that systems might play in the future for capturing the links between research and impact and the requirements we have for these systems. It is time-intensive to both assimilate and review case studies and we therefore need to ensure that the resources required for this type of evaluation are justified by the knowledge gained. In development of the RQF, The Allen Consulting Group (2005) highlighted that defining a time lag between research and impact was difficult. The book also explores how different aspects of citizenship, such as attitudes towards diverse population groups and concerns for social issues, relate to classical definitions of norm-based citizenship from the political sciences. Donovan (2011) asserts that there should be no disincentive for conducting basic research. The University and College Union (University and College Union 2011) organized a petition calling on the UK funding councils to withdraw the inclusion of impact assessment from the REF proposals once plans for the new assessment of university research were released. The Value of Public Sector R&D, Assessing impacts of higher education systems, National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement, Through a Glass, Darkly: Measuring the Social Value of Universities, Describing the Impact of Health Research: A Research Impact Framework, LSE Public Policy Group. 0000001325 00000 n Wigley (1988, p 21) defines it as "a data reduction process that involves the . The criteria for assessment were also supported by a model developed by Brunel for measurement of impact that used similar measures defined as depth and spread. In putting together evidence for the REF, impact can be attributed to a specific piece of research if it made a distinctive contribution (REF2014 2011a). While the case study is a useful way of showcasing impact, its limitations must be understood if we are to use this for evaluation purposes. One of these, the RQF, they identified as providing a promising basis for developing an impact approach for the REF using the case study approach.

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