Houd . Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? 8 0 obj People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R << 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. Gordon Pennycook . /Group << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Group << attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. endobj [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Type /Font /GS7 27 0 R 2 0 obj The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. 26 0 obj >> Please select the correct language below. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /ExtGState << -Obedience: submission to authority /Parent 2 0 R ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R /Font << /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> >> /Contents 41 0 R >> [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Group /Count 13 It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /StructParents 0 endobj Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. 25 0 obj Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. 238 0 R 239 0 R] Contents. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R endobj She chooses to stop deliberation and act What is the best treatment for groupthink? 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R What is social facilitation? provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. >> [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. membership. /Lang (en-US) [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. What are its consequences? It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. We'll bring you back here when you are done. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /GS7 27 0 R That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F4 24 0 R -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /Pages 2 0 R perception of our world. What is culture? 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. /Type /Page /S /Transparency /Tabs /S -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. /Tabs /S 4 0 obj during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. /CS /DeviceRGB Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R >> /F3 23 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] -Differs: /StructParents 4 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. 2011 . /F3 23 0 R -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? >> /Type /Page -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /F4 24 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Tabs /S [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). /F4 24 0 R >> When does it occur? endobj If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. others. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is an internal versus an external attribution? /F1 21 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 What does WEIRD refer to? Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. Introducing Cram Folders! They argue that people start the process of impression formation by 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 /Footer /Sect The cognitive miser theory is an . >> COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. /Type /Font -Becoming less pervasive << /F1 21 0 R >> What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. The cognitive miser . >> (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? /Font << /LastChar 116 [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R << The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Type /Group heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /Parent 2 0 R << /S /Part /F4 24 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /S /Transparency naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /F3 23 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R ] >> If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /Name /F3 /Font << /StructParents 5 "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. endobj >> -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z
Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C Rossi . What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /S /Transparency << /P 3 0 R 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. /Parent 2 0 R Aug 2016. >> How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? 20 . /Group << >> 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. << 15 0 obj -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). /Contents 35 0 R -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people /CS /DeviceRGB /Font << /Type /Font >> Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 5 0 obj Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /F1 21 0 R 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /F2 22 0 R Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. 5*#H-B^]gOh
#xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? endobj << << How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 . -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies /F2 22 0 R << what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Font << \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /GS7 27 0 R 48 . What are some real world consequences of attributions? "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. >> Discuss the validity of each statement. -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /Tabs /S x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). a. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /Type /Group >> the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /Subtype /TrueType [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous >> System 2 may also have no clue to the error. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. /F1 21 0 R 18 . /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. /StructParents 12 What is the power of single vivid instances? [39][originalresearch? -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. 1,000 & 12,000 -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. /Contents 45 0 R /Subtype /Type1 (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /F5 25 0 R 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R << endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] << 28 0 obj -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates.
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